Mining Justice: Ketika Profit Mengalahkan People dan Planet Urgensi Menuntut Keadilan bagi Daerah Penghasil Nikel
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Published:
Aug 1, 2026
Keywords:
Mining justice, Hilirisasi nikel, Resource curse, Benefit sharing, Masyarakat adat
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Pembangunan, PSN dan Tata Demokrasi Indonesia
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Abstract
Penelitian ini mengkaji keadilan pertambangan dalam tata kelola hilirisasi nikel di Indonesia melalui perspektif resource curse dan accumulation by dispossession yang dipadukan dengan pendekatan Strategic Management untuk membaca relasi negara, korporasi, pemerintah daerah, masyarakat, dan ekosistem terdampak. Hilirisasi nikel telah meningkatkan nilai tambah ekonomi nasional, tetapi belum sepenuhnya mengatasi ketimpangan distribusi manfaat, beban ekologis, dan kerentanan sosial di daerah penghasil. Peningkatan nilai ekspor produk turunan nikel dari USD 3,3 miliar pada 2017 menjadi USD 33,9 miliar pada 2024 belum diikuti pembagian manfaat yang adil bagi pemerintah daerah, masyarakat lokal/adat, dan ekosistem terdampak. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketimpangan dana bagi hasil, rendahnya royalti produk olahan bernilai tambah tinggi, peningkatan kasus ISPA di Bahodopi, perlambatan penurunan kemiskinan, serta kerentanan masyarakat adat Karongsi’e Dongi dan ekosistem Danau Malili menunjukkan bahwa orientasi profit masih lebih dominan daripada people dan planet. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui analisis dokumen kebijakan, data fiskal pertambangan, studi kasus Sorowako, dan studi kepustakaan periode 2017–2025. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, artikel ini menawarkan kerangka Mining Justice untuk membaca ketidakadilan hilirisasi nikel dan merumuskan benefit sharing yang lebih adil bagi daerah penghasil, masyarakat lokal/adat, dan ekosistem terdampak.
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Muhammad, S. ., Arifin, S. ., Rahim, H. ., & Nurlela, A. . (2026). Mining Justice: Ketika Profit Mengalahkan People dan Planet: Urgensi Menuntut Keadilan bagi Daerah Penghasil Nikel. Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Sosiologi (PKNS), 3(1), 27–35. Retrieved from https://www.pkns.portalapssi.id/index.php/pkns/article/view/185
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Spitzeck, Heiko, dan Erik G. Hansen. 2010. "Stakeholder Governance: How Stakeholders Influence Corporate Decision Making." (Corporate Governance, Vol. 10(4), 2010), hal. 378–391. Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Diakses pada https://www.emerald.com/cg/article-abstract/10/4/378/69883/Stakeholder-governance-how-stakeholders-influence?redirectedFrom=fulltext
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Von Rintelen, Thomas, Kristina von Rintelen, Matthias Glaubrecht, Christoph D. Schubart, dan Fabian Herder. 2012. "Aquatic Biodiversity Hotspots in Wallacea: The Species Flocks in the Ancient Lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia." Dalam Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia (Cambridge University Press, Edisi Buku, 2012), hal. 290–315. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Zitzler, Kristina, dan Yixiong Cai. 2006. "Caridina Spongicola, New Species, a Freshwater Shrimp from the Ancient Malili Lake System of Sulawesi, Indonesia." (The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Vol. 54(2), 2006), hal. 271–276. Singapura, National University of Singapore. Diakses pada https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/54rbz271-276.pdf.
Arif, Irwandy. 2018. Nikel Indonesia. Jakarta; Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact. (24 Februari 2012). Development Aggression as Economic Growth: A Report by the Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact. Chiang Mai; AIPP Printing Press. Diakses di https://aippnet.org/2012/02/24/development-aggression-as-economic-growth-a-report-by-the-asia-indigenous-peoples-pact.
Auty, Richard. M. 1993. Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. London; Routledge.
Bian, Zhengfu, Hilalim I. Inyang, John L. Daniels, Frank Otto, dan Sue Struthers. 2010. "Environmental Issues from Coal Mining and Their Solutions." (Mining Science and Technology (China), Vol. 20(2), 2010), hal. 215–223. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Diakses pada https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1674526409601873.
Bobbette, Adam. 2022. "In Sorowako." (London Review of Books, Vol. 44(16), 2022). London, London Review of Books. Diakses pada https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/276700/.
Bogusz, Klaudia, dan Adam Sulich. 2020. The Sustainable Development Strategies in Mining Industry. (Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, Vol. 64, 2020). Wroclaw, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business. Diakses pada https://wir.ue.wroc.pl/info/article/WUTb7eb9b99eebb47b2b0b23827f3f8f2de.
Bowen, Glenn A. 2009. "Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method." (Qualitative Research Journal, Vol. 9(2), 2009), hal. 27–40. Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Diakses pada https://www.emerald.com/qrj/article-abstract/9/2/27/360733/Document-Analysis-as-a-Qualitative-Research-Method?redirectedFrom=fulltext.
Bradshaw, Corey J. A., Paul R. Ehrlich, Andrew Beattie, Gerardo Ceballos, Eileen Crist, Joan Diamond, Rodolfo Dirzo, Anne H. Ehrlich, John Harte, Mary Ellen Harte, Graham Pyke, Peter H. Raven, William J. Ripple, Frédérik Saltré, Christine Turnbull, Mathis Wackernagel, dan Daniel T. Blumstein. 2020. "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future." (Frontiers in Conservation Science, Vol. 1, 2020). Lausanne, Frontiers Media SA. Diakses pada https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/conservation-science/articles/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419/full.
Cornish, Flora, Nancy Breton, Ulises Moreno-Tabarez, Jenna Delgado, Mohi Rua, Ama de-Graft Aikins, dan Darrin Hodgetts. 2023. "Participatory Action Research." (Nature Reviews Methods Primers, Vol. 3(1), 2023), hal. 34. London, Springer Nature. Diakses pada https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-023-00214-1.
Cowie, Robert H., Philippe Bouchet, dan Benoît Fontaine. 2022. "The Sixth Mass Extinction: Fact, Fiction or Speculation?" (Biological Reviews, Vol. 97(2), 2022), hal. 640–663. Cambridge, John Wiley & Sons. Diakses pada https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12816.
Djirimu, Muhammad Abdul. 2025. "Keadilan Fiskal bagi Daerah Pertambangan." (Presentasi Semiloka dan Working Group DPRD Lima Provinsi Penghasil Nikel, Palu, Desember 2025). Palu, DPRD Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah.
Harvey, David. 2024. "The ‘New’ Imperialism: Accumulation by Dispossession." (Socialist Register, Vol. 40, 2024), hal. 63–87. London, Merlin Press. Diakses pada https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5811/2707.
Kementerian ESDM. 2025. "Dari Sumber Daya ke Kekuatan Ekonomi: Transformasi Nikel Menuju Ketahanan Energi Nasional." (Paparan Wakil Menteri ESDM, Forum DPRD Provinsi Penghasil Nikel, 7 Desember 2025).
Martinez-Hernandez, Elias, Grant Campbell, dan Jhuma Sadhukhan. 2012. "Economic Value and Environmental Impact Analysis Tool for Sustainable Biorefinery Design." (Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30, 2012), hal. 11–15. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Diakses pada https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/chapter/bookseries/abs/pii/B9780444595195500034.
Mcquilken, James, dan Gavin Hilson. 2016. Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Ghana: Evidence to Inform an "Action Dialogue." (IIED Report, September 2016). London, International Institute for Environment and Development. Diakses pada https://www.iied.org/16618iied.
Miles, Matthew B., A. Michael Huberman, dan Johnny Saldaña. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). London; SAGE Publications.
Muhammad, S., Halim, H., dan Arifin, S. 2025. "Unhas dan Tantangan Dunia Pertambangan." (Makalah, Universitas Hasanuddin, 2025).
Muhammad, Sawedi, Suryanto Arifin, Ridwan Syam, Sukri Tamma, Amril Hans, Zarah Arwieny Hanami, Aprianto, dan Bama Andika Putra. 2024. "Corporate Social Responsibility Programs in Mining Areas: Insights from Stakeholder Groups in Indonesia." (Cogent Social Sciences, Vol. 10(1), 2024). London, Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. Diakses pada https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2024.2357675.
Muhammad, Syarif (22 Juli 2024). "Mitos Pertambangan Ramah Lingkungan: Sebuah Tinjauan Strategic Management." (Makalah Executive Course, Vol. Universitas Pertahanan RI, 2024). Bogor, Universitas Pertahanan RI. Diakses pada https://idu.ac.id.
Ngakan, Putu Oka, Nasri Nasri, dan Putu Supadma Putra. 2023. "The Value of the Wallacea Region: Considerations Behind the Changing Scope of JPK Wallacea." (Jurnal Penelitian Kehutanan Wallacea, Vol. 12(1), 2023), hal. 1–7. Makassar, Universitas Hasanuddin. Diakses pada https://journal.unhas.ac.id/index.php/wallacea/article/view/26952.
Sachs, Jeffrey D., dan Andrew M. Warner. 2001. "The Curse of Natural Resources." (European Economic Review, Vol. 45(4–6), 2001), hal. 827–838. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Diakses pada https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014292101001258.
Spitzeck, Heiko, dan Erik G. Hansen. 2010. "Stakeholder Governance: How Stakeholders Influence Corporate Decision Making." (Corporate Governance, Vol. 10(4), 2010), hal. 378–391. Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Diakses pada https://www.emerald.com/cg/article-abstract/10/4/378/69883/Stakeholder-governance-how-stakeholders-influence?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Teschner, Benjamin A. 2020. Predicting Mining Company-Stakeholder Conflict and Incorporating Social Conditions into Mining Project Valuation. (Disertasi, Colorado School of Mines, 2020). Golden, Colorado School of Mines. Diakses pada https://scholar.google.it/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=vi&user=aB3rpCYAAAAJ&citation_for_view=aB3rpCYAAAAJ:W7OEmFMy1HYC
Vale Indonesia, PT (30 April 2024). "Annual Report 2023." (Laporan Tahunan Emiten, Vol. PT Vale Indonesia Tbk, 2024). Jakarta, PT Vale Indonesia Tbk. Diakses pada stockbit.com
Viveros, Hector. 2016. "Examining Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Mining Impacts and Corporate Social Responsibility." (Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, Vol. 23(1), 2016), hal. 50–64. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons. Diakses pada https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/csr.1363
Von Rintelen, Thomas, Kristina von Rintelen, Matthias Glaubrecht, Christoph D. Schubart, dan Fabian Herder. 2012. "Aquatic Biodiversity Hotspots in Wallacea: The Species Flocks in the Ancient Lakes of Sulawesi, Indonesia." Dalam Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia (Cambridge University Press, Edisi Buku, 2012), hal. 290–315. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Zitzler, Kristina, dan Yixiong Cai. 2006. "Caridina Spongicola, New Species, a Freshwater Shrimp from the Ancient Malili Lake System of Sulawesi, Indonesia." (The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Vol. 54(2), 2006), hal. 271–276. Singapura, National University of Singapore. Diakses pada https://lkcnhm.nus.edu.sg/app/uploads/2017/06/54rbz271-276.pdf.
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